There are two ways to integrate others' research into your assignment: you can paraphrase or you can quote.
Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote. You must reword the passage, expressing the ideas in your own words, and not just change a few words here and there. Make sure to also include an in-text citation.
Quoting is copying a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly it was originally written. When quoting, place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation.
Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the Chicago 17th Edition manual.
Numbering
Note numbers in text are set as superscript numbers (p. 751).
At the bottom of the page, the note numbers are normally full size and followed by a period (p. 751).
Notes should be numbered consecutively, beginning with 1 (p. 756). Use your word processor's "footnote" feature to assist with formatting.
Full Note vs. Shortened Note
The first note referring to a work must be a full note, but subsequent citations for that same work can be shortened. The shortened form should include just enough information to remind readers of the full title or lead them to the bibliography; usually the last name of the author(s), the key words of the main title, and the page number. Check with your instructor to determine whether this shortened form is acceptable. (p. 757-761)
Example:
1. Salman Rushdie, The Ground Beneath Her Feet (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 25.
2. Valerie Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democritization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience," World Politics 55, no. 2 (2003): 168, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054217.
Consecutive Footnotes For The Same Work
When citing the same source in multiple footnotes one after the other, cite the source in full the first time, and then use the abbreviated form for all subsequent citations until another source is cited (p. 759-760).
Example:
1. Rushdie, The Ground Beneath, 25.
2. Rushdie, 28.
URLs
When the note entry includes a URL that must be broken at the end of a line, the break should be made after a colon of double slash (//); before a single slash (/), a tilde (~), a period, a comma, a hyphen, an underline (_), a question mark, a number sign, or a percent symbol; or before or after an equal sign or an ampersand (p. 750).
If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation. Instead include the page number (if there is one) at the end of the quotation or paraphrased section.
Example:
Hunt (2007) explains that mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that "children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development."
Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the Chicago 17th Edition manual.
Chapter 13 (pp. 708-738) of the Chicago Manual offers recommendations and guidelines for incorporating words quoted from other sources.
Run In Quotes (p. 711)
In incorporating quotations into a text, phrase the surrounding sentence in such a way that the quoted words fit logically and grammatically. Run in quotes are incorporated into the surrounding text and enclosed in quotation marks, "like this."
Block Quotes (p. 711-712)
A quotation of a hundred words of more (at least 6-8 lines of text) can generally be set off as a block quotation. Block quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks, begin on a new line, and are indented.
A quotation of 2 or more paragraphs should be set off as a block quotation.
Permissible Changes to Quotations (p. 710-711)
Chicago style allows minor changes to quotations in specific situations. Most notably, and different than other citation styles, obvious typographic errors may be corrected silently (without comment or sic - see p. 733), unless the passage quoted is from an older work where idiosyncrasies of spelling are generally preserved.
Even if you put information in your own words by summarizing or paraphrasing, you must still use a footnote just as you would with a direct quotation. All the information required in the footnote for a paraphrased sentence is the same as if you were using a direct quotation.
The information in this guide is used/adapted with the permission of the Red Deer College Library and the Columbia College Library.
